Systems Model of Politics and Policy
Figure 4. A Systems Model of Politics and Policy From T.A. Birkland (2001). An Introduction to the Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, and Models of Public Policy Making. New York: M.E. Sharpe. (p. 196)
Most social problems are addressed at multiple levels (of government); some examples of policy across levels are:
- Local – smoking bans, gay rights amendments to human rights ordinances,
recycling opportunities
- State – abortion access (e.g., parental notification requirements), gay marriage,
death penalty legislation
- National – No Child Left Behind, Family Medical Leave Act, school
desegregation, automobile emissions standards, affirmative action,
welfare reform
- International – Geneva Conventions, Kyoto Treaty
